К.Э. Циолковский

Report:
Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolkovsky
1857-1935



|School    |N 263     |
|Form      |10b       |
|Student   |Golikov A.|



St.Petersburg.
1999.
               The life of Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolkovsky
                                  1857-1935

   'The Earth is the cradle of the mind, but we cannot  live  forever  in  a
   cradle'.
   Konstantin E Eduardovitch. Tsiolkovsky


Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was a true visionary and pioneer of astronautics.  He
theorized many aspects of human space travel and rocket  propulsion  decades
before others, and played an  important  role  in  the  development  of  the
Soviet and Russian space programs.
He was born on  September  17,1857,  in  the  village  of  Ijevskoe,  Ryasan
Province, Russia, the son a a Polish forester who had emigrated  to  Russia.
He was not from a rich family, but a very large one; Konstantin  Tsiolkovsky
had 17 brothers and sisters. At the age of 10 he lost  his  hearing  as  the
result of scarlet fever. After that he couldn't attend school, and he  never
recieved any formal education. The knowledge and education he attained  were
acheived by himself. His books were his teachers, and he read every book  in
his father's library. Tsiolkovsky later remembered  that  his  hearing  loss
influenced greatly his future life: during all his life he  tried  to  prove
to himself and to others that he was better and  more  clever  than  others,
even with his disability.
In 1873-1876 Konstantin Tsiolkovsky lived in Moscow.  During  this  time  he
visited the main Moscow libraries, among them the well known  Pashkov  House
Library. It was in this fashion that he received his  self-education.  While
in Moscow, Tsiolkovsky was tutored by the eccentric  and  brilliant  Russian
philosopher Nikolai  Fedorovitch  Fedorov,  who  was  working  in  a  Moscow
library at the time. Fedorov was a leading  proponent  of  Russian  Cosmism,
and gave Tsiolkovsky a place to work in the library. In many ways,  he  took
the place of the university lecturers that Tsiolkovsky never had access  to.
At the age of17,  while  living  in  Moscow,  he  first  dreamed  about  the
possibility of space flight. He was, in part,  inspired  by  the  novels  of
Jules Verne. Since that time he started  to  think  about  the  problems  of
space vehicle design. His great purpose was not  simply  to  go  into  outer
space, but to live in space, for humainity to become a space civilization.
In 1876-1879, after his coming back  to  his  father's  home,  he  lived  in
Vyatka and Ryasan. After  passing  his  exams,  he  recieved  his  Teacher's
Certificate, and  went  to  work  as  a  math  teacher  in  Borovsk,  Kaluga
Province.
In 1880-1892 Tsiolkovsky lived in Borovsk and worked as a teacher.  At  that
time he began his scientific research in air baloon building, life  in  free
space, aerodynamics and philosophy.  It  was  also  at  that  time  that  he
married. His wife, Barbara E.  Sokolova,  was  the  daughter  of  the  local
preacher. Together, they had 3 daughters and 4 sons.


In 1892-1935 he lived and worked in Kaluga. His moving  to  Kaluga  was  the
result of a teaching promotion. He lived in the house that is now a part  of
the museum complex with his family from the year 1904  until  his  death  in
1935. It was here in Kaluga that he  became  a  well  known  scientist,  and
where he wrote and  published  his  theories  of  space  flight  and  inter-
planetary travels. In Kaluga he wrote his Cosmic Philosophy, and he  dreamed
about the far distant future of humanity, including  the  eventual  conquest
of space and our leaving the cradle of the planet Earth for  the  stars.  He
was made a member of the Soviet Academy of Science in 1919.
He received a government pension in 1920, and continued to  work  and  write
about space. Upon the publication of the  works  of  German  rocket  pioneer
Herman Oberth in 1923, his works were revised  and  published  more  widely,
and he finally earned some international recognition for his ideas.
He wrote over 500 scientific papers, and, even though he never  created  any
rockets himself, he influenced many young Russian engineers  and  designers.
Tsiolkovsky lived to see a  younger  generation  of  Russian  engineers  and
scientists begin to make his visionary concepts  reality.  Among  these  was
Sergey Korolev, who would become the 'Chief Designer' of  the  Soviet  space
program, who launched humanity into  space  with  Sputnik,  Laika,  and  the
launch of the first cosmonaut,Yuri Gagarin.



Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky, the father of cosmonautics, died in Kaluga at
the age of 78 on September 19,1935. He received an honored State funeral
from the Soviet government. He was buried in the old Kaluga Cemetery.


The tomb of Tsiolkovsky in the Old Kaluga Cemetery.



                           The Work of Tsiolkovsky
   'Men are weak now, and yet they transform the Earth's surface. In
   millions of years their might will increase to the extent that they will
   change the surface of the Earth, its oceans, the atmosphere, and
   themselves. They will control the climate and the Solar System just as
   they control the Earth. They will travel beyond the limits of our
   planetary system; they will reach other Suns, and use their fresh energy
   instead of the energy of their dying luminary.'-Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Tsiolkovsky is considered to be the father of cosmonautics and human space
flight, and was a truly great thinker. His visionary ideas about the future
of humanity in space were magnificent and far ahead of his time. He dreamed
about space flight since he was a very young boy. Tsiolkovsky was certain
that the future of human life will be in outer space, so he deceded that we
must study the cosmos to pave the way for future generations.
Later, he proved mathematically the possibility of space flight, and wrote
and published over 500 works about space travel and related subjects. These
included the design and construction of space rockets, steerable rocket
engines, multi-stage boosters, space stations, life in space, and more. His
notebooks are filled with sketches of liquid-feuled rockets, detailed
combustion chamber designs with steering vanes in the exhaust plume for
directional control, double walled pressurized cabins to protect from
meteorites, gyroscopes for attitude control, reclining seats to protect
from high G loads at launch, air locks for exiting the spaceship into the
vacume of space, and other amazingly accurate predictions of space travel.
Many of these were done before the first airplane flight. He determined
correctly that the escape velocity from the Earth into orbit was 8
km./second, and that this could be achieved by using a multi-stage rocket
fueled by liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen. He predicted the use of liquid
oxygen and liquid hydrogen or liquid oxygen and kerosene for propulsion,
spinning space stations for artificial gravity, mining asteroids for
materials, space suits, the problems of eating, drinking, and sleeeping in
weightlessness, and even closed cycle biological systems to provide food
and oxygen for space colonies.


Some of his works include:
'Astronomical Drawings' (1879). The earliest manuscript of Tsiolkovsky. He
drew the Solar System, the distances between the planets, their satellites,
etc.
'Free Space' (1883). Manuscript of Tsiolkovsky, first published in 1956. In
this work, he described the life and ways of motion in free space, zero
gravity, all done without the benefit on any mathematical calculations. It
was in this paper that Tsiolkovsky drew the primitive design of a true
Space Craft, which moved in outer space with the help of reactive forces.

This was the first drawing of Tsiolkovsky's of a space vehicle,  from  'Free
Space'  (1883).  It  shows  cosmonauts  in  weightlessness,  gyroscopes  for
attitude control, and an airlock for exit into free space.

'The Tsiolkovsky Rocket Equation'. He created his calculations about space
flight theory on May 10, 1897. The first publication of the results was in
the article 'Exploration of the Universe with Reaction Machines', in the
monthly magazine 'The Science Review',# 5 (St.Petersburg, 1903). This was
the first publication in the world on this subject.

His Classic article 'Research into Interplanetary Space by Means of Rocket
Power' was published in 1903, the year of the first airplane flight by the
Wright Brothers. It accurately described the state of weightlessness and
the theoretical function of rockets in a vacume. He demonstrated why
rockets would be needed for space exploration, and also advocated the use
of liquid propellants that are used today.
This is his book published in 1914 that was the reprint of the 1903
article.
'Plan of Space Exploration'. This was published in 1926. It consists of 16
Points, from the very begining of space conquest, until the far distant
future, including interstellar travel.
He also wrote science fiction books, including 'On The Moon (1895), Dreams
of the Earth and Sky (1895), and Beyond the Earth (1920).
'The Space Rocket Trains'. (1929). This publication of Tsiolkovsky was
about his original idea of a multi-stage rocket, which consisted of several
separate rockets, one on top of another. Tsiolkovsky proved that only such
a type of rocket would be able to reach escape velocity and fly to Earth
orbit.
'Album of Space Travels'. (1932). The drawings from this manuscript of
Tsiolkovsky show us his brilliant ideas about life in space, including zero
gravity, air pressure locking, space habitats, rocket guidance, etc.



Tsiolkovsky's Cosmic Philosophy

'All the Universe is full of the life of perfect creatures.' Tsiolkovsky.
Tsiolkovsky was very much as interested in the philosophy of space as he
was with the engineering needed to make space flight possible. This was the
very begining of Tsiolkovsky's research into space flight problems and was
the basis for it. His main work of this subject was 'Ethics or the Natural
Foundations of Morality' (1902-1918). In 1932 Tsiolkovsky wrote 'The Cosmic
Philosophy' - the summary of his philosophical ideas. His main idea was to
achieve happiness not only for humanity, but also for all the living beings
in the Cosmos, for all the Universe. He believed that human occupation of
space was inevitable and would drive human evolution.
According to Tsiolkovsky's Cosmic Philosophy, 'happiness' is the absence of
all kind of suffering in all the Universe, for all times, as well as the
absence of all of the processes for destroying goodness. How shall we start
this evolution to the 'Universial Happiness'? The main task is to study the
laws which rule the Universe. To do so, we must study the Universe, and
therefore we must learn how to live in outer space. To begin that long
period of our evolution, we will have to design large manned space rockets.
So, the first space flight will be the beginning of the new era of space
exploration, the beginning of Space Culture in human history. It will be
the beginning of our history itself. He truly beleived that it was the
destiny of humankind to occupy the solar system and then to expand into the
depth of the cosmos, living off the energy of the stars to create a cosmic
civilization that would master nature, abolish natural catastrophes, and
acheive happiness for all.
1n 1926 Tsiolkovsky defined his 'Plan of Space Exploration', consisting of
sixteen steps for human expansion into space:
1) Creation of rocket airplanes with wings.
2) Progressively increasing the speed and altitude of these airplanes.
3) Production of real rockets-without wings.
4) Ability to land on the surface of the sea.
5) Reaching excape velocity (about 8 Km/second), and the first flight into
Earth orbit.
6) Lengthening rocket flight times in space.
7) Experimental use of plants to make an artificial atmosphere in
spacships.
8) Using pressurized space suits for activity outside of spaceships.
9) Making orbiting greenhouses for plants.
10) Constructing large orbital habitats around the Earth.
11) Using solar radiation to grow food, to heat space quarters, and for
transport throughout the Solar System.
12) Colonization of the asteroid belt.
13) Colonization of the entire Solar System and beyond.
14) Acheivement of individual and social perfection.
15) Overcrowding of the Solar System and the colonization of the Milky Way
(the Galaxy).
16) The Sun begins to die and the people remaining in the Solar System's
population go to other suns.



Kosmodemyanksy, Arkady A., 1956. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky: His Life and
Works. Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, Russia.

Shkolenko, Yuri, 1987. The Space Age. Progress, Moscow.

Samiolovitch, Sergei, I., 1969. Citizen of the Universe: Sketches of the
Life and Works of Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolkovsky (in Russian).
Tsiolkovsiy State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics, Kaluga, Russia.